01BUSFACTOR
One developer holds the whole system in their head
The schema, the cron jobs, the "don’t touch that file" folklore, it all lives with one person, and they are retiring, burning out or already gone. Every day without a transfer plan, the business is one resignation away from running blind.
02FRAGILE
No tests, so every change is a gamble
Nobody can say what a change will break, so nothing changes. Features the business needs sit in a backlog for years because the codebase punishes anyone who touches it, and the punishment lands in production.
03STALLED
The rewrite that never shipped
Many teams have already tried the big rewrite: eighteen months, nothing launched, project quietly buried. Rewrites fail because they ship value at the end. A migration has to pay its way monthly or it dies the same death.
04EOL
Unsupported runtimes you can no longer hire for
PHP 5.6 past end-of-life, an Access file hitting its size ceiling, Excel macros nobody dares open on a new machine. Security patches stopped years ago, and the developers who know the stack are leaving the market faster than you can recruit them.